Inflation, a sustained increase in the general price level, can be triggered by various factors. An increase in the money supply without a corresponding increase in goods and services leads to more money chasing fewer goods, driving up prices (monetary inflation). A decrease in aggregate output, such as due to supply chain disruptions or reduced production, means fewer goods are available, leading to higher prices if demand remains constant or increases (cost-push or supply-shock inflation). An increase in aggregate effective demand, if not met by a commensurate increase in supply, also pushes prices up (demand-pull inflation).