The Chinese traveller Yuan Chwang (Hiuen Tsang) who visited India recorded the general conditions and culture of India at that time. In this context, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- 1.The roads and river routes were completely immune from robbery.
- 2.As regards punishment for offences, ordeals by fire, water, and poison were the instruments for determining the innocence or guilt of a person.
- 3.The tradesmen had to pay duties at ferries and barrier stations.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- A.1 only
- B.2 and 3 only
- C.1 and 3 only
- D.1, 2 and 3
▶ Answer & Explanation
Correct answer: B. 2 and 3 only
Hiuen Tsang's account, while often highlighting advancements, also mentions prevalent dangers. Statement 1 is incorrect as historical records and travelers' accounts from that era frequently mention the presence of robbers on roads and rivers, indicating they were not immune. Statements 2 and 3 are correct; ordeals (like by fire, water, poison) were indeed used to determine guilt, and traders faced various tolls and duties at check-points and crossing points.
Source: UPSC gs1 2013